On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• the order of a few micrometers [11]. We speculated that if grain boundaries are responsible for piezoresistivity in graphene, then the gauge factor should be enhanced if one reduces the grain size to a few nanometers. Nanocrystalline graphene (NCG) is graphitic material with a crystal size of

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• shows a significantly wide full width at half maximum, indicating the presence of ultrafine particles and a small crystal size. The crystal size was determined using the Scherrer equation (Equation 5) [43] applied to the most prominent diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 NPs. Equation 5 shows the relationship

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• . The emission wavelength is determined by the crystal size and structure; crystals of the same chemistry can have emission maxima spanning a wide range. As the size of the dots decreases, both their optical absorption and emission shift to higher energies [41]. Because hydrophilic QDs are coated with

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• forms a porous structure. There is a disparity in the particle sizes measured with SEM and XRD, because the particle sizes detected using these two techniques are not in the same orientation, and the terms "particle size" and "crystal size" refer to different concepts (a particle may contain several or

• , but the lines are wider than usual if the particles are small (widening decreases as the particle size increases). Line broadening is used to estimate the mean particle size, but peak broadening may have many causes other than crystal size. Widening of the diffraction peaks can result from both

• instrument constraints and the sample (all types of crystal imperfections would lead to an additional widening of the XRD peak due to microstrain, resulting in a lower apparent crystal size value). This means that the Scherrer equation is an extremely rough estimate of the minimal size of crystals whereas

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• to form the ZnO crystalline phase. The ZnO crystal size presented in Table 1 (14–22 nm) was obtained from the XRD spectrum using the Debye–Scherer formula (i.e., Equation 5): where L is the ZnO crystal size (nm), k = 0.9, λ = 0.15418 nm [30], θ is the Bragg angle, and β is the full width at half

• against E. Coli by synthesized ZnO NPs. Crystal size of ZnO determined from the Debye–Scherer formula. Photographs of E. coli bacterial culture plates formed after E. coli plates were exposed to ZnO NPs at different times. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Education and

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• -700, and LaNiO3-800 were 8.5 nm, 11.9 nm, and 14.6 nm, respectively. It could be seen that the higher the calcination temperature, the higher the crystal size will form. Similarly, LaFeO3 samples with different calcination temperatures of uncalcined, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C were noted as LaFeO3-NC

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• connected channels were fully occupied by one single crystal (Figure 2). The fronts of the single crystal grew along these channels, leading to single crystals with several branches, such as comb-shaped single crystals, as investigated by optical microscopy. It was found that when the crystal size is

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• (EPN) and antisolvent precipitation (ASP)). Although top-down technologies have a high yield, they are energy-consuming and the obtained crystal size is inhomogeneous [26][27]. The ASP technique can modify crystal formation and particle size distributions [5]. Sahibzada et al. [26] reported that BBR

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• peak intensity of brookite at 25.6° is increased from 35% to 52%, suggesting a gradual increase of the brookite content. When the sample was calcinated above 700 and 800 °C, it was transformed into Na2Ti6O13 and rutile, respectively. The crystal size is correlated to the specific surface area, which is

• considered to be one of the factors affecting photocatalytic performance. In this work, the Scherrer formula was employed to extract the crystal size from the (211) diffraction peak (details are listed in Table 1). Note that the extracted crystallite size is just the thickness of the (211) crystal plane

• , which is different from that observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Samples calcinated at 300–600 °C have a similar crystal size (ranging from 39–43 nm), suggesting that there is no obvious correlation between the crystal size and the photocatalytic

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• technique. The “translation” of the experimentally measured parameter to the parameter of interest (particle size in this case) is always accomplished by imperfect assumptions or extrapolations in the mathematical models. For example, in the case of X-ray diffraction, the mean crystal size is provided only

• for the volumes contributing to the diffraction pattern. The translation of the diffraction peak profile in terms of crystal size is provided by the Scherrer equation or by Rietveld analysis. Both of the models assume a homogeneous, well-defined shape of the nanoscale entities, which is almost always

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• the crystal size increased from 0.6 to 1.1 μm when the reaction time increased from 3 to 12 h (Figure 4a,b), while the crystal size did not grow when the reaction time was further extended to 15 h. More interestingly, the thickness of ZIF-8 membranes was 4 μm regardless of the reaction time (Figure 4d

• -methylimidazole increased from 25 to 50 and 400 mM, the ZIF-8 crystal size changed from the microscale to the nanoscale, indicating a faster nucleation rate at higher concentrations (Figure 5a–c). In addition, the membrane thickness grew from 4 to 11 μm (Figure 5d–f). When the concentration of ligand was 25 mM

• ). The separation factor slightly dropped to 4.71 when the reaction time was prolonged to 15 h. These results can be explained by SEM images and EDS mappings in Figure 4. After 3 h of reaction, the ZIF-8 crystal size was about 0.6 μm and the membrane thickness was around 4 μm. The ZIF-8 crystals

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• synthesized luminescent SPION@bPEI was published by Unal et al. in 2018 [35]. The total organic content of the particles was determined to be 76% by TGA. The average crystal size of SPION@bPEI nanoparticles was measured from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images to be approx. 6 nm (Figure 1a). The TEM

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• ) with an attached electrode. Simulations are performed for f = 1 THz and the sizes are selected relative to the wavelength in vacuum, λ1 = 300 μm: the substrate and the in-plane crystal size as well as whisker and electrode lengths are λ1/2 = 150 μm; the substrate height is λ1/4 = 75 μm; the in-plane

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• variations in the crystallinity of the polymer electrolytes are directly related to the intensity and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak. Usually, the crystallinity and FWHM are inversely proportional to each other, the larger the FWHM, the smaller the crystal size and vice versa [32]. XRD

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• . This is a clear indication that the final product is free from impurities and no oxidation of silver has occurred. The crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer equation. The crystal size was found to be 27 nm, which is smaller than the diameter of the silver nanowires calculated from the SEM

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• ], and combination with metal elements or other metal oxides [10]. Compared with the bulk material, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured TiO2 presents enhanced photocatalytic activity that depends on a variety of factors such as surface area, particle shape, crystalline structure, crystal size, and

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• drug release time could be extended by increasing the crystal size and thickness of the multilayer films. Alternatively, the protein aggregates or DNA could also be used as templates to encapsulate them in PLL-succinylated PLL layers for model viral assembly or gene transfer [66]. Another way of

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• 750 °C to 1000 °C [34]. Likewise, Venkatesan and Kim (2010) isolated Hap from Thunnus obesus fish and their study revealed that a high temperature facilitates aggregation and increases the crystal size of the nanoparticles [35]. On the other hand, it was proven by Hung et al. (2012) that an increase

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• -step process owing to their improved crystal quality, crystal size, absorbance and stability. Furthermore, the perovskite films fabricated by the mesh-assisted grid technique are of controllable transparency and have shown the potential to be scalable. These attributes provide a promising route for the

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• catalysts were characterized to obtain quantitative information on properties such as crystal structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD), crystal size by laser diffraction, crystal morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), pore width by N2 sorption and Hg

• mean squared displacement (RMSD) estimated using the Einstein relation resulted in 0.5 μm, which is much smaller than the average crystal size measured by laser diffraction (≈30 μm). This suggests that the mode “3” represents intrinsic intracrystalline diffusivity with a negligibly small influence of

• the permanent stirring conditions and with the catalyst from the former Engelhard Corporation (Iselin, NJ) having an average crystal size ranging from a few hundred nanometers [50] to a few micrometers [79]. In the conducted catalytic tests, the tube was shaken only once and left undisturbed for the

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• temperature, the host MOF can be recycled for further gas-capture cycles. In the future we plan to study the influence of the material crystal size on the loading capacity and focus on engineering structural properties of MFU-4 in order to prepare its analogues with different pore aperture sizes. We believe

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• contribution we analyze the influence of adsorption cycling, crystal size, and temperature on the switching behavior of the flexible Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98. We observe a shift in the gate-opening pressure upon cycling of adsorption experiments for micrometer-sized crystals and assign this to a

• fragmentation of the crystals. In a series of samples, the average crystal size of DUT-98 crystals was varied from 120 µm to 50 nm and the obtained solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We analyzed the adsorption behavior

• by nitrogen and water adsorption at 77 K and 298 K, respectively, and show that adsorption-induced flexibility is only observed for micrometer-sized crystals. Nanometer-sized crystals were found to exhibit reversible type I adsorption behavior upon adsorption of nitrogen and exhibit a crystal-size

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• average crystal size of TiO2 is 25.5 nm, which is calculated by the Scherrer equation [30]. The XRD pattern of BTD shows sharp BiOCl and TiO2 diffraction peaks, indicating a high degree of crystallization of BTD. In addition, when the calcination temperature is higher than 500 °C, BiOCl will gradually

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• well with the cubic spinel structure (ICDD no. 98-003-9131). The crystal size of each sample has been estimated through computational Rietveld refinements using MAUD software [26] (Table 1). Then, the compositions have been checked by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) experiments (Figure 2). The crystal sizes

• diameter and standard deviation were inferred from image analysis of ca. 350–400 particles using ImageJ software and correlated to the microstructural information (mainly crystal size and micro-strain-induced lattice deformation) inferred from Rietveld analysis of the XRD data using MAUD software [26]. The